Information System Used by Market Essay Sample free essay sample

Section AMarkets and authoritiess have complementary functions in industrialisation. Markets are covering with the turning economic sciences complexness that came with industrialisation. Then. authoritiess have to find the types of economic system. a ) Identify the type of economic science system and explicate the economic features of each. Economic systems are usually distinguished by the extent of authorities engagement in resource allotment and goods production. There are three major types of economic systems such as free-market economic system. command economic system. and assorted economic system. Many states have a assorted economic system to some extent. intending they combine facets of market and planned systems. However. the general tendency of economic policy can frequently let for classification into one of the other three systems. Free-market economic system A market economic system is closely related to capitalist economy and free endeavor. The demand for goods defines what is produced. and most concerns are in private owned. We will write a custom essay sample on Information System Used by Market Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Those persons and houses pursue their ain opportunism without any cardinal way and ordinances. They are all motivated by net income. where the purchasers and Sellerss are entirely responsible for the picks they make. In add-on. free-market gives the absolute power to monetary values to find the allotment and distribution of goods and services. These monetary values. in bend. are fixed by the forces of supply and demand of a several trade good. Merely people with sufficient control over resources. and wealth. in peculiar have the privilege to buy goods and services. frequently priced really extremely in a free-market economic system. The monetary values. which are the lone allocating and administering factor in this economic system. place the hapless in an awkward state of affairs who are bit by bit thrown out of the system without any entree to wealth and the basic demands of subsistence. Furthermore. if the demand is short of the supply of a several trade good. the monetary value will fall every bit opposed to a monetary value rise when the supply is unequal to run into the turning demand of a good or service. The function of the authorities of state is merely limited to commanding the jurisprudence and order of a state and to guarantee that a ‘fair price’ is charged by the Sellerss. Therefore. it means that. authorities holding no function in administrating the monetary value of a trade good. has to see that the monetary values taken by the Sellerss is true and commensurate with the monetary value determined by the forces of demand and supply. Command economic system Command economic system is besides called every bit planned economic system. It is an economic system in which a cardinal authorities be aftering either straight and indirectly sets end product marks. incomes and monetary values. Government owns most concern. decides on the monetary value of goods and how trade goods are distributed. For this type of economic system. the basic economic inquiry will be solved by the authorities. Rather than giving persons the opportunity to make up ones mind what they want or need. the authorities decides these inquiries for the state. It is rather hard for the person because it is impossible for them to cognize precisely what the best is for those citizens. Fortunes. wagess. rewards and other pecuniary benefits like fillip are distributed on the footing of the joint rendition of services. This is how command economic system really eradicates the profit-making at single degrees. It doesn’t aid with their workers’ motive because everyone is given the same sum of goods and the same criterion of life. For illustration. a difficult working citizen will non acquire any benefits from work because they can non increase their criterion of life any greater than it presently is and they will do merely every bit much as a individual who exerts little or no attempt. Command economic system is merely opposite to the construct of free-market economic system. with regard to the basic money-making attacks. While market economic system tends to multiply the wealth of a state through the gradual procedure of development. command economic system system prefers deliberate planning of the full money-making procedure for the better consequences. Actually. such sincere economic planning in the long tally proves good to better the economic conditions of a state. Assorted economic systemThere are both public and private sectors working together in manus to guarantee the economic growing of the economic system. The market determines the monetary value and allotment of resources in some sectors of the economic system and the authorities does in others. Neither the market nor the authorities wholly controls the economic system. Many states have a assorted economic system to some grade. For illustration. China allows private ownership of concerns although it controls production and pricing. The United States authorities interferes with a strictly free market by mandating minimal rewards and plans such as societal security. To some grade. therefore. both China and the United States are assorted economic systems. A assorted economic system is an economic system that answers the three inquiries both in the market place and in the authorities. Those inquiries are: what will be produced with our resources? How will these goods be produced? And. for whom will we bring forth these goods? Although the United States authorities plays a function in our economic system. a assorted economic system normally involves manufacturers working closer with the authorities than they do in the United States so the US economic system is still a market economic system. The economic system a state has is based on what is best for the state. Government play an of import function in this economic system such as minimizes the market inefficiencies. supply the public goods. cut down the spread between the hapless and rich. and besides promote low degrees of unemployment and rising prices. The authorities will seek to cut down the income inequality by enforcing revenue enhancements where higher income earner is taxed more than the lower income earner. B ) Discuss the costs and benefits if a state moves from bid economic system towards a free-market economic system. In a bid economic system. the cardinal authorities regulates assorted factors of production. In fact. the authorities is the concluding authorization to take determinations sing production. use of the finished industrial merchandises and the allotment of the grosss earned from their distribution. Besides. the basic economic jobs will be solved by the authorities. The spread between the rich and the hapless is little. In this economic system. consumers have no pick but have to accept all the determination made by the authorities. The term free market economic system means a system where the purchasers and Sellerss are entirely responsible for the picks they make. In a manner. free market gives the absolute power to monetary values to find the allotment and distribution of goods and services. Besides. consumers are the 1s who would find and act upon the types and measure of good and services to be produced. In free-market economic system. monetary value mechanisms will reply all the demand and supply inquiries. In instances of demand falling short of the supply of a several trade good. the monetary value will fall every bit opposed to a monetary value rise when the supply is scarce to run into the turning demand of a good or service. Free market economic system is besides characterized by free trade without any duties or subsidies imposed by the authorities. If a state moves from bid economic system towards a free-market economic system. there will be some alterations in the economic system. Let’s us discuss the costs and benefits if a state moves from bid economic system towards a free-market economic system. First. there is more freedom in free-market economic system due to miss of authorities engagement in this economic system. Hence. purchasers are free to buy any trade good which they like and in whatever sums. The marketer or the manufacturer of a good can besides bring forth whichever merchandise they want to. Besides. the manufacturers can increase the capacity of any single trade good depend on the forces of the market. Manufacturers are free to set about the hazards and wagess associated with addition in production. There is no province intervention in the operation of the forces of the market. Following. houses will ever be looking to bring forth something new to acquire in front of their rivals. Even though the function of authorities is limited in free-market economic system. one of its occupations is to protect belongings rights. This will include rational belongings rights through patents. Hence. there are inducements in the free market system for houses to be advanced and bring forth better quality merchandises. Obviously there is no inducement for the bid market to be advanced. Equally long as they produce the necessities. the bid market will be happy. In free-market economic system. houses will bring forth whatever consumers are prepared to purchase. Consumer demands are extremely satisfied due to extremely react to consumer demand. The consumer is sovereign in the economic system. Besides. due to the free endeavor factor. there are no limitations on what the houses can bring forth. Therefore. there will be a much larger pick of goods and services in a free market e conomic system compared with a bid economic system. The bid economic system will be more concerned with doing certain there are adequate indispensable goods to travel around instead than apportioning resources expeditiously between all goods. A disadvantage of a market economic system is that sometimes some of the flow-on effects of profit-seeking economic activity can be harmful to other persons or groups. In a slackly regulated market economic system what may be good or profitable for an person. company or group of companies may non be good for many others. For illustration. it can be dearly-won for a manufacturer to minimise the negative environmental effects of his activities. If these negative effects do non instantly affect net incomes and there is no regulative demand to minimise them. so there is no inducement to implement them. Free market economic systems. although have been successful in developed economic systems. will non be so in developing states and the lone resort for them is the theoretical account of the assorted economic system or societal market economic system. The welfare function of the province is retained in a societal market economic system which cares for the hapless. In instances where the hapless states are endeavoring towards a free market economic system. there should be certain sections controlled by the province but with prevalence of free endeavor such that efficiency is restored and the state moves towards economic prosperity. Thus. free market economic system under centralised political control is the most effectual manner for these states. Apart from that. environment and societal ends may be ignored in free-market economic system as compared to command economic system. As we see. command economic system emphasizes more on corporate benefits. instead than the demands of a individual person. Under such fortunes. wagess. rewards and other pecuniary benefits like fillip are distributed on the footing of the joint rendition of services. This is the manner bid economic system really eradicates the profit-making at single degrees. Command economic system is merely opposite to the construct of market economic system. with regard to the basic money-making attacks. While market economic system tends to multiply the wealth of a state through the gradual procedure of development. command economic system prefers deliberate planning of the full money-making procedure for better consequences. In fact. such sincere economic planning in the long tally proves good to better the economic conditions of a state. degree Celsius ) What economics jobs do you believe might originate if all goods and services were provided free to consumers by the province or authorities? Justify your reply. If all goods and services were provided free to consumers by the province or authorities. so citizens do non necessitate to work and they will non desire to work any longer. Citizens no demand to work because there is nil to sell and nil to purchase as goods and services were provided free. In this instance. they will all remain at place and waiting for the free gifts. Hence. this will do unemployment in some market. Since those citizens do non desire to work. the company they worked for will diminish in productiveness. Although goods and services were provided free. some markets still have to bring forth goods so that there are goods to supply for the citizens. Therefore. the market still needs employees in their houses. Next. if there is nil for the citizens to work and make. so the family will non gain income. It is because citizens did non supply the factors of production for the houses which enable them to bring forth the goods and services. Then. state will non acquire income due to no revenue enhancement from the citizens. This is because citizens do non desire to work and they get no income. so there is no revenue enhancements pay on income. Besides. the round flow of income and end product will interrupt excessively. Household is non spending and there is no gross for the houses ; families do non sell factors of production as they accept anything produced by the houses as goods and services are all free. Hence. the round flow of income and end product will wholly interrupt. Apart from that. some companies can non run as citizens do non work and wait for free gifts. As the companies can non run. the state will hold no income. Then state will hold to borrow money from other states to bring fort h these free goods and services. Therefore. the state stop up become broke. Besides. devaluation of currency will happen and the state will stop up being like Indonesia. Devaluation of currency is a deliberate downward accommodation to a country’s official exchange rate relation to other currencies. Devaluation makes the domestic currency cheaper relation to other currencies. There are two deductions of devaluation. First. devaluation makes the country’s exports comparatively less expensive for aliens. Second. the devaluation makes foreign merchandises comparatively more expensive for domestic consumers. therefore detering imports. If the state increases the monetary value of imports and exciting greater demand for domestic merchandises. devaluation may worsen rising prices. Besides. the creditworthiness of the state may be jeopardized. The country’s ability to procure foreign investing may be affected excessively. Furthermore. if goods and services were provided free to citizens. they will demand more goods as all goods are free. If dem and more than supply. rising prices will happen. This is because the authorities needs to publish more money paper to purchase merchandises to supply to the citizens. Citizens get things for free and they no demand to work. so the state will non hold any exports due to no productiveness in the state. If rising prices occurs. ingestion ratio will increase at early phases of rising prices. Peoples will be devouring more because money is more abundant and its value is non lowered yet. Besides. monetary values of imports will lift if the currency is debased. so its buying power in the international market is lower. When there is a high rising prices. salvaging money would intend watching your hard currency lessening in value twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours. so people tend to pass the hard currency on something else. Thus. stop up lowers national economy. In decision. all the above are the economic jobs that I think might originate if all goods and services were provided free to consumers by the province or authorities. Section BAnalyze the economic costs and benefits of the debut of a minimal pay in a competitory house. Figure 1. 0 Minimal pay of the labour marketMinimal pay statute law is one of the great civil wrongs perpetrated against the low-skilled who need the chances which middle-class workers. future professionals and the freelance can lawfully take for granted. What the lower limit pay jurisprudence does to the hapless is to deny to them the same freely chosen chances others follow for their ain wellbeing. Figure 1. 0 illustrates the minimal pay of the labour market. Next. lets us see the economic costs and benefits of the debut of a minimal pay in a competitory house. First. a minimal pay gives an unemployed individual inducement to take a occupation because he knows what his minimal wage will be. An unemployed individual can compare the money he gets from public aid and compare it to the minimal pay to find the fiscal inducement to taking a occupation. Besides. the debut of minimal pay will assist to cut down revenue enhancement load. For case. a individual doing at least minimal pay is non utilizing as many public services as person on unemployment. An unemployed worker is given public assistance. rent aid and nutrient casts in many provinces. With minimal pay. the demand for public aid is lowered and this reduces the revenue enhancement load on the community and the province. Without a minimal pay. it can be tough for little concern to make their concern budget. Therefore with a minimal pay in topographic point. a little concern proprietor knows what he will be expected to pay per hr and he can make new occupations with his company based on this budgeting information. However. the debut of minimal pay will diminish the efficiency. For case. when a authorities fixes a minimal pay for all the workers. so that sum is frequently considered to be the maximal by the enterprisers. If a worker is really efficient. he will non be paid higher rewards than fixed by authorities. It will therefore ensue in controling the inducement of the workers and thereby diminishing his efficiency. When lower limit pay is introduced. trouble may originate in enforcement. If a minimal pay is fixed. so troubles may originate in its enforcement. If the labour is unemployed. they may hold to work at a pay lower than that fixed by the authorities. Furthermore. minimal pay will do disorganisations in concern. If a minimal pay is fixed in sweated trades merely and non on the national graduated table. so there will be flight of capital from the former to the subsequently. This will do disorganisation in the whole concern. Another great drawback of repairing the lower limit pay is that it can be given to cut down the sum of employment in a state. Hence. unemployment will happen in the state. When minimal pay is fixed. the employers try to increase the monetary values of the trade goods in order to cover their increased labour costs. If the demand for the trade goods whose monetary value is raised is elastic. so the entire measure demanded will fall. When the trade goods are non disposed of at a net income. some of the houses will shut down their concerns ; others may cut down the figure of the workers. Some of the houses may seek to replace labour salvaging machines. The consequence of this will be that there will be greater unemp loyment in the state. Section Ca ) Discuss the features for each types of market construction: * Perfect Competitive Market Structure* Monopoly Market Structure* Oligopoly Market StructureAbsolutely Competitive MarketA absolutely competitory market must run into the some of the demands. First of all. both purchasers and Sellerss are monetary value takers. They are those people who take the market monetary value as given. Normally. families are monetary value takers because they accept the monetary value offered in shops. Within this type of market. the figure of houses is big. As the figure of houses additions. the consequence of house on the monetary value and measure in the market declines. Large means that what a house does has no bearing on what other houses do. For this market construction. there are no barriers to entry. Barriers sometimes take the signifier of patents granted to bring forth a certain good. If new manufacturers can come in and go out easy. bing houses might act as though there are more houses than at that place look to be. because there are more possible rivals. Entry into a market can be deterred by barriers to entry such as high start-up costs. trade name trueness. and authorities limitations. Another feature is the grade of homogeneousness of the merchandise. Differences in quality or other belongingss means that the merchandises of different houses are non perfect replacements for each other. and clients will absorb some monetary value differences among houses. Furthermore. there is complete information for this construction. Each participant has all of the information necessary to do the ‘correct’ picks. Firms and consumers know all there is to cognize about the market such as monetary values. merchandises. and available engineering. Any technological promotion would be immediately known to all in the market. Last. houses are net income maximizes. The end will be making net income and merchandise at the maximal degree. For absolutely competitory. proprietors will merely have net income as compensation non wages. Monopoly MarketMonopoly market is one of the construction that merely one manufacturer or marketer for a merchandise. It means that. the concern will be the industry. Entry into such a market is restricted due to high costs or other hindrances. which may be economic. societal or political. In add-on. as the individual marketer of a alone good with no close replacements. a monopoly has no competition. There are some features for monopoly. The first feature is the individual marketer. First and first. a monopoly will ever be monopoly because it is the lone marketer in the market. He or she will buy all the end product. Normally. the house and industry are indistinguishable. The word ‘monopoly’ really translates as ‘one seller’ . As the lone marketer. a monopoly controls the supply-side of the market wholly. If anyone wants to purchase the good. they must buy it from the lone monopoly. A premier beginning of monopoly power is the control of resources that are critical to the production of a concluding good. Monopoly market sells no close replacements merchandise. It achieves single-seller position because the good supplied is alone which is characterized by worsening costs over a comparatively big scope of production. There are no close replacements available for the good produced by a monopoly because a deficiency of economic competition for the goods and services were occurred. Besides. they besides face the job about the barriers to entry. Normally. monopoly frequently acquires and by and large maintains individual marketer position due to limitations on the entry of other houses into the market. There are some effectual barriers to entry which impedes the ability of other houses to get down a new concern in an industry in which existing houses are gaining positive economic net incomes. There are a few types of barriers legal barriers ( such as patents. prevent others from come ining the market ) . sociological barriers ( entry is prevented by usage or tradition ) . natural barriers ( house has a alone ability to bring forth what other houses can non double ) and the technological barriers ( size of the market can back up merely one house ) . In add-on. there is complete information. A monopoly frequently possesses information non available to others. This specialised information comes in the signifier of legally-established patents. right of first publications or hallmarks. Last. houses are all net income maximizes. The end of all houses will merely be net income. They will merchandise at the maximal degree where MR=MC. Oligopoly Market It is a market construction that characterized by a little figure of comparatively big houses that dominate an industry. The three most of import features of oligopoly are an industry dominated by a little figure of big houses. houses sell either indistinguishable or differentiated merchandises. and the industry has important barriers to entry. An oligopolistic industry is dominated by a little figure of big houses. each of which is comparatively big compared to the overall size of the market. This generates significant market control. the extent of market control depending on the figure and size of the houses. Some oligopoly industry produce indistinguishable merchandises. while others produce different merchandise. Identical merchandise oligopolies tend to treat natural stuffs or intermediate goods that are used as inputs by others. Firms in an oligopoly industry achieve and retain market control through barriers to entry. For illustrations. patents. resource ownership. authorities franchises. start-up cost and etc. Each of these makes it highly hard. if non impossible. for possible houses to come in an industry. B ) Suppose that a absolutely competitory industry became a monopoly. what alterations would you anticipate to see in:* The monetary value of industry’s good* The end product of industry’s good Perfect competitory industry is a market construction where there is a perfect grade of competition and individual monetary value prevails. In competitory market. both purchasers and Sellerss are monetary value takers. A monetary value taker is a house or person who takes the market monetary value as given. A absolutely competitory industry contains a big figure of houses. Besides. it is comparatively no barriers to come in or go out as a concern in a absolutely competitory market. This market has the grade of homogeneousness of the merchandise. The houses in a absolutely competitory market green goods and sell homogenous merchandises. Besides. there is complete information about the market like monetary values. merchandises and available engineering. Last. the end of all houses in a absolutely competitory market is net income and lone net income. Therefore. houses maximize net income. A monopoly is a market construction in which there is a individual provider of a merchandise. Monopolies exist because of barriers to entry into a market that prevent competition. For case. SESCO and Water Board are the illustrations of the monopoly market. In a monopoly. there is one marketer of the monopolized good who produces all the end product. The house and industry are indistinguishable. Besides. monopolies sell no close replacements merchandise. The absence of replacements makes the demand for the good comparatively inelastic enabling monopolies to pull out positive net incomes. There are effectual barriers to entry in monopoly. There are four types of barriers such as legal barriers. sociological barriers. natural barriers and technological barriers. There is complete information in monopoly excessively. The end of all houses in a monopoly market is merely net income. Firm will merchandise at the maximal degree where MR=MC. Monetary value MC PmEcPersonal computer MRc=Pc=DDc=ARcEm 0 Qm Qc MRm Pm=DDm=ARm Figure 1. 1The figure 1. 1 illustrates how a absolutely competitory industry alterations to a monopoly. When fringy gross peers to fringy cost ( MC=MRc ) . the equilibrium is at point Ec for absolutely competitory market. When market gross peers to fringy cost ( MC=MRm ) . the equilibrium is at point Em for monopoly. If a absolutely competitory industry became monopoly. the monetary value of industry’s good will increase. whereas the end product of industry’s good will diminish. ( Pm=price of monopoly. Pc=price of absolutely competitory market. Qm=quantity for monopoly. Qc=quantity for absolutely competitory market ) . Mention Cox. J. ( 1995 ) . The Minimal Wage. Retrieved November 15. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. conciseguidetoeconomics. com/book/minimumWage/ Gordon. B. ( 2010 ) . Advantages of Market Economy. Retrieved November 8. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. economywatch. com/market-economy/advantages-market-economy. html Hassamen. B. ( 2011 ) . The Benefits of Raising the Minimum Wage. Retrieved November 15. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. raiseminwage. org/id24. hypertext markup language Lee. S. ( 2011 ) . The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Market Economy. Retrieved November 15. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/info_8319704_advantages-disadvantages-market-economy. hypertext markup language Lovering. C. ( 2010 ) . Different Type of Economic Systems. Retrieved November 15. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/list_7621411_different-type-economic-systems. hypertext markup language Roach. S. S. . Rajan. R. . A ; Sachs. J. D. ( 2010 ) . Command Economy. Planned Economy. Retrieved November 7. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. economywatch. com/economy-articles/command-economy. hypertext markup language Shostak. F. ( 2002 ) . Specifying Inflation. Retrieved November 17. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //mises. org/daily/908 Stiglitz. J. E. . Roubini. N. . A ; Smith. D. ( 2010 ) . Free Market Economy. Retrieved November 7. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. economywatch. com/market-economy/free-market-economy. htm

Free Essays on Malls

In this world today, we as Americans live and survive on the presents of malls. Malls now are enacted into our way of living, our ability to consume the standards of social and economic impacts brought on by malls have and will continue to alter the composition of day to day survival. Margaret Crawford’s article (â€Å"the World in a Shopping Mall†) breaks down how the world is placed within a shopping mall, and because of this, the impacts that have resulted from the world being placed in such a situation. The article discusses the foundations or fundamental themes that have causes the World to be in a Shopping Mall. On a regional scale many would not consider how much a mall can impact the particular area that it is placed in. In the article, Margaret refers to the impacts on small towns, historic downtowns, and traditional strip/suburban centers that malls induce. Commercially and economically the construction of malls will either benefit or reduce productivity within an area. Throughout history the developments of malls have successfully been theorized to only be productive, and mall designers have implemented formulas to ensure that malls do not fail. Malls in small towns economically and sociably alter the living conditions. Small towns are modest and potentially set on a way of living, the want and needs of everyday living are localized with in particular area. Specialty shops, such as hardware stores, and grocery stores individualize many of the goods needed. The majority of the income and revenue stays within the area. The construction of a mall within a small town, (summarized by Margare t) will change market values, possibility taking away for the small town. The mall will centralized the customers goods, eliminating the need to visit numerous stores to complete daily shopping, nevertheless, the mall acts as a one-stop shop-&-go development. Now, some malls that were constructed, that have been taking away from the nearby t... Free Essays on Malls Free Essays on Malls In this world today, we as Americans live and survive on the presents of malls. Malls now are enacted into our way of living, our ability to consume the standards of social and economic impacts brought on by malls have and will continue to alter the composition of day to day survival. Margaret Crawford’s article (â€Å"the World in a Shopping Mall†) breaks down how the world is placed within a shopping mall, and because of this, the impacts that have resulted from the world being placed in such a situation. The article discusses the foundations or fundamental themes that have causes the World to be in a Shopping Mall. On a regional scale many would not consider how much a mall can impact the particular area that it is placed in. In the article, Margaret refers to the impacts on small towns, historic downtowns, and traditional strip/suburban centers that malls induce. Commercially and economically the construction of malls will either benefit or reduce productivity within an area. Throughout history the developments of malls have successfully been theorized to only be productive, and mall designers have implemented formulas to ensure that malls do not fail. Malls in small towns economically and sociably alter the living conditions. Small towns are modest and potentially set on a way of living, the want and needs of everyday living are localized with in particular area. Specialty shops, such as hardware stores, and grocery stores individualize many of the goods needed. The majority of the income and revenue stays within the area. The construction of a mall within a small town, (summarized by Margare t) will change market values, possibility taking away for the small town. The mall will centralized the customers goods, eliminating the need to visit numerous stores to complete daily shopping, nevertheless, the mall acts as a one-stop shop-&-go development. Now, some malls that were constructed, that have been taking away from the nearby t...

Mergers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mergers - Essay Example rgers are part of reforming a business which involve two companies coming together to create a big organization that pleases shareholders (Albizzatti and Sias 35-28). One factor that may make two companies succeed in merging is by integrating their data thus it will be easier to achieve the shareholders value. According to Gaughan (2009), this strategy is mostly used in tough economic times where those companies which cannot survive the competition in the market are bought-off by the strong companies in the market. Stanwick (16-11) descries that this enables the companies to improve their competitive nature as other companies merge hoping to increase their share in the market and thus will produce more than they would have if they were to operate by themselves. This study shows the possibilities that would make a company such as SLP want to merge with another one. It will also show how the mergers are financed and finally it shows the second and the third company to be chosen as a merger giving reasons for each. In my opinion if I was to pick a company to merge with between Dell and Intel it would be Dell. This is because it has more benefits to the company than Intel. Perry and Herd (19-12) shows that Dell is a multinational company and it already has a big market share all over the world which has been estimated to be 20 percent. This advantage would make SLP Company be in a position of venturing the global market as Dell would increase its industrial visibility. Dell is a company that deals with computers and SLP Company is involved in vehicles. Their merging type would be in the form of extending their product as the businesses are different but the products are somehow related. If Dell was to takeover SLP it would achieve more benefits of economies of scale as the size would increase as well as its product line. To pay for the deal the best way would be through fixed value stock. This is where the shares are fixed in that the buyer’s shareholders may run

Single Mother Upbrings her Child Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Single Mother Upbrings her Child - Case Study Example She is a high school graduate, with no college or vocational training. As a result, her jobs have always been minimum wage, unskilled jobs. Currently, she is employed as an inventory clerk in a building supplies warehouse. She has fairly good benefits at this job, including some health insurance for herself and her child. An incident happened approximately a week ago; Amy picked her daughter up at day care after work and she needed to stop at the grocery store before going home. While at the grocery, Angie was misbehaving and was taking items off the shelf and putting them into the cart. Despite several verbal reprimands, Angie continued to disobey her mother. Amy then slapped Angie’s hands making her to begin wailing thus attracting the attention of several customers in the store. After purchasing her groceries, Amy pushed Angie to her car. As she was putting Angie into her car seat, she noticed something protruding from one of the pockets of Angie’s dress. When she pu lled it out, she realized that Angie had taken candy bars and gum from the shelves next to the checkout line and put them in her pockets. Amy wanted to make sure that her daughter understood that taking things without paying for them is wrong as it amounted to stealing. So, she shook her several times, slapped her hands, and then put her hand over Angie’s mouth when she began screaming. Angie then bit her mother’s hand, prompting her to instinctively slap her across the face. Even though she did not mean to hurt her, everything was happening very fast. Angie suddenly became very quiet, so Amy shut the backdoor to the car and drove home. After 10 minutes of driving, she realized that she had not heard from Angie since they left the store parking lot prompting her to glance in the back seat where Angie appeared asleep. Upon arriving home, she realized that Angie was unconscious, not asleep. She then took Angie to the house and tried to wake her up but to no avail. She pa nicked and called 911. When the ambulance arrived, she gave an explanation to the paramedics that Angie had fallen and must have hit her head against something. Angie was initially admitted to the hospital for observation, but she remains there still with a possibility of a concussion or fractured skull. Legal Issues 1. Can Amy be arrested for child abuse if someone had found out that she had hit Angie the previous night in the parking lot of the grocery store and reported to the police? Also, since Angie has not gotten better, Amy is afraid that if the hospital finds out she hit Angie, they may report her to the police and yet she never intended to hurt her daughter, and she was just disciplining her. 2. Can Amy be answerable for child abuse on the basis of giving false information (about the incident at the parking lot) to the hospital staff, since Angie is not getting better after Amy said that Angie hit her head and yet the doctors suspect that Angie may be suffering from a skul l fracture or a concussion? 3. Can Amy loose child custody to Angie’s father whom they have not been in communication with for the past two years since their daughter is in hospital and she is frightened that someone might contact Angie’s father especially if she is arrested for child abuse? Non- Legal Issue 1. Is Amy in need of counseling as pertains to her anger management strategies, disciplining initiatives, and effects of alcohol abuse in parenting since she had been drinking with her friends that night before she picked Angie? Discussion Amy can be arrested for child abuse Child abuse is defined as mental and physical injury, negligent treatment of the child or exploitation and also inculcates sexual abuse of a child.

Find something interesting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Find something interesting - Coursework Example This new approach in adapting mind uses evolutionary psychology approach to explaining how a collection of conscious mental programs have constantly evolved to solve the adaptive problems such as language acquisition, mate selection, cooperation and sexual infidelity (Delton et al. 1). It is also interesting how the others talk about the mate preference. According to the evidence and evolutionary theory, psychology has developed male mates prefer to date young female mates. While, female mates prefer high status male mates because it seems rather obvious. The authors also explain that in real-life contexts, male mate prefer younger female mate and female prefer high status male mates, but it is rather astonishing as the theory suggests that the evolution as played a role in this mate preference. David Buller, a critique of the theory and results from evolutionary psychology, dismissed such claims (Delton et al. 1). According to this theory of evolution and psychology, sex preference development is a biological process and evolve as people adapt to the environmental changes (Delton et al. 2). The development of the sex preference takes place due to the pressure of the physical and social environment. Women and men differ in sexual preference since both are faced with different physical and social environment (Delton et al. 1). For example, when looking for a mating partner, female mates are more concern with the security and survival of their offspring, therefore, they will seek for men with such qualities. Men, on the other hand, are less concern with the reproductive. According to this theory, the psychological difference between men and women also helps explain their sexual difference in sexual preference. Women and men occupy a different role in the society, therefore, are faced with different pressure (Delton et al. 3). According to Buller, no solid empirical results as ever been produced by evolutionary psychology. He went

The Consumer Preference On Green Product Marketing Essay

The Consumer Preference On Green Product Marketing Essay There has been a rising concern on environmental issues worldwide nowadays. Ministry of foreign affairs statistic shows that over the years, the temperature has been rise because of carbon dioxide trapped and green house gases have affected the global climate. This change will affect the people live all over the world. This also includes access to water, health, food and the well being of the environment. Todays consumers have started to recognize that their purchasing behaviors actually cause a big impact to the environment. Therefore, companies should practice offering environmentally friendly products and service to people to prevent this world become worse. Although, Malaysia has undergone an excellent development followed governmental efforts to attract foreign investor to come and invest for a green product development in Malaysia, the action of environmental responsible behavior among Malaysian consumers are still low. One of the examples of the lack of environmental responsible behavior is shown in an article in Bernama whereby garbage thrown by one of the state in Malaysia residents is the main cause of river pollution in the state. According to a survey which was handled on by global market insight and information group, only 8% of Malaysian respondents responded that they have changed their behavior in a greatest deal to benefit the environment on the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviors In addition 83% respondents reported that their views on a companys and their Colleges friendliness to the environment would influence them to purchases a green products and services. Studying the determinants of generation-Y consumers green purchase behavior will be definitely benefit green marketers. Generation-Y (also known as a millennial) is defined as A label attributed to people born during the 1980s and early 1990s. Members of Generation Y are often referred to as echo boomers because they are the children of parents born during the baby boom (baby boomers). Because children born during this time period have had constant access to technology (computers, cell phones) in their youth, they have required many employers to update their hiring strategy in order to incorporate updated forms of technology. In a simple word, generation-Y grew up with a technology and relies on those things to perform their job and their task. In addition, when going through a literature review in Malaysian context, there are still a gap existed between environmental knowledge, intention and behavior towards green product. [Said et al. (2005)]. Even though people that have vast knowledge about green products are not necessarily would buy a green product. Therefore, factors those determine and affect Generation-Y to purchase a green product would be worth to find out. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH Environment is defined as what surrounds a thing or an item or in other words it means the surrounding. It could be a physical element which is physical environment, that includes the built environment, natural environment such as air, water, land, atmosphere and etc or it could be human environment where people surrounding the item or thing which also known as the social environment. Today environment is getting worst and worst. Many environmental issues arise. Environmental concerns have been growing in recent years. One of the examples of environmental issue is global warming. Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities such as burning garbage and waste are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused primarily by increases in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide. The greenhouse effect keeps the earth warm when functioning normally. For the first time in h istory, human activities are altering the climate of our entire planet. According to (Jack, 2010), in less than 2 centuries, humans have increased the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 25% from the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests. In addition to the natural fluxes of carbon through the Earth system, human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are also releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (The Carbon Cycle; the Human Role, Earth Observatory, NASA). Green product is define as a product that produce limited carbon footprints; they may require fewer resources to produce, consume less energy or emit fewer hazardous emissions.  Green product is also a product that is non toxic, water-efficient, and also recyclable and biodegradable. There are many green products that have been produce for people in the market. For example, a household cleaner. Nowadays its nearly impossible to go shopping without finding a plethora of products that claim to be environmentally and consumer friendly. Oddly enough, many cheap and eco-friendly substances, such as vinegar, have been used for years as home cleaners. Whether you buy a green cleaning product at a store or use something on hand in your pantry, you can reap the benefits of choosing products that are gentler on you and the environment. Phosphate-free dishwasher and laundry detergents are also consider a green product because they do not discharge environment-damaging phosphates into waterway s. Other examples of green cleaning products are those labeled certified biodegradable; these have passed several stringent tests relating to biodegradability and environmental impact conducted by an independent certifying agency. According to Consumer Reports, the certified biodegradable label is more meaningful than a general biodegradable label. Glass and metal cleaners, kitchen and bathroom cleaners, and laundry detergents are products that might carry this label. The rationale for going green is twofold. Clearly, the positive effects on the environment are a key driver for purchasing green product.  Green product provides myriad environmental benefits. They can replace toxic materials that may be harmful to people or animals. Also, some products save energy and water, while others limit solid waste and manufacturing releases. Green products create a healthier environment for people through reduced exposure to cleaners, solvents, paints and other hazardous substances. Green product also can reduce allergies. Many families find that their children are suffering from allergies, even though their family history does not necessary say that there are no allergies. In some situations, chemicals found within cleaning products contain allergens. Bleaches, toxic cleaning sprays and other chemicals used to clean the home commonly contain a variety of ingredients specifically able to cause or trigger allergies in people.   Generation Y are the cool generation, they embrace brand and live in the new world of digitize communication. Thus that might be interesting to find their perception and their level of awareness towards environmental issues that the world is facing nowadays. Gen Y has grown up in a very structure, busy and over planned world. Also, Gen Y is made up of confident, optimistic young people who feel valued and wanted. In a article of science daily, Gen-Y is a people that will go all the way when it comes to saving the environment as long as it benefit to world economic and environment. They are maturing into a pragmatic generation that wants to do the right thing for the environment but also has real economic concerns 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Consumers or practically customers are the sellers and buyers that boost the countrys economy. Therefore, many firms are actually putting many efforts in order to attract more customers because these customers create businesses opportunities and generate profits to them. As the world nowadays facing so many problems regarding to an environmental issue, the consumers and their attitudes or behaviors to purchase a green product are the important factors to be considered. Consumers nowadays have more choices due to the effects of globalization. They will prefer the function of the product rather than the brand or whatsoever to ensure a healthier future. To determine the current level of Gen-y consumers preference towards the green products. To determine what are the determinants or factors of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product. To determine the consequences or effects of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product. To determine consumer level of awareness of Gen-y consumer towards green product. 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Awareness towards environmental issue that the world nowadays facing play a major role encourage people to purchase a green product. Thus, this study is attempts to relate on the various variables that influence consumer especially generation-Y to purchase a green product. The objectives are as the following: * To study the factors affecting the consumer especially Gen-Y to purchase green product. Gen-y is a new generation and It is crucial to understand as they are more advance and modernize. Thus, several researches have been conducted in order to understand consumers in a way that how they behave, and what are the factors that cause them to behave or react to the responses of the products. Leading factors such as price and quality are always the top concerns to the consumers. Product attributes will moderate the effects of price on quality judgments. Partial of the consumers may focus on buying low prices goods and neglect the quality of the products. This group of consumers takes the price as a measure of sacrifice. For instance, consumers take the price served as the benchmark for comparing utility gains from the quality of the product. One the other hand, some portion of the consumers will be willing to pay a premium price for the quality and function of the products, as they are very sensitive to the signals of the quality of one product. Thus, it is hope that this stud y will contribute further to the understanding of factors of price and quality that may lead to the consumers prefer for a green product * To understand the awareness level of people about Go Green campaign. Nowadays, there are many environmental campaign have been organized by a government and private sector. This campaign is aim to encourage people to more concern about the environment. Thus, it is hope that this study will explore how people react to a environmental campaign and what is their level of awareness about the awareness campaign. * To examine the benefit for people involvement in Go Green program. We might be asking, how we will benefit from getting involved in this environmental campaign. Well, recently there has been an increase in events directly related to the availability of natural resources. For example energy shortages that resulted to load shedding, change in weather patterns and water shortages. As a result, civil society is recognizing the need to manage our natural resources more effectively and responsibly. In doing so, we can ensure positive effects on our health, quality of life and even the cost of living. Thus, this study will help people to getting known more about what they will gain if they participate in the environmental campaign. *To discover what consumer perception towards green product. In curiosity to identify what are the main components or criteria that consumer especially gen-Y are looking forward in order to purchase a green product. It is true that each and every one of us are special and unique in the way we are, thus, every consumer has their very own perception in purchasing a green product. Different people from different backgrounds may have different perceptions on these products. In addition to that, different demographic groups may have different perceptions to this kind of product as well. Thus, this study will help to identify whether the consumer especially gen-y prefer to buy a green product or not to safe a mother of earth. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This study is crucial as there are a lot of green products have been selling nowadays. Obviously, when we talk about green product, the price for that particular item might be so expensive. The study on factors affecting consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product may allow us to know in depth why are previous efforts taken does not produce as it is thought it would be. Based on the study conducted, motivations towards the environment, knowledge on green product, social norm, awareness and self-image have an impact on the consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product. Government may need to enhance its program in educating people green product. New and more interesting Go Green program and method is a definite necessity in motivating people to increase their interest/awareness on a green product and indirectly motivates them to purchase it. 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY The research focus on students in Multimedia University (MMU) Melaka campus and teenagers from outside the campus which comes from various demographic backgrounds such as the faculty, ethnicity and nationality. The focused respondents are a great resemblance on the exact population in Malaysia. 1.6 ORGANIZATIONAL OF RESEARCH 1.6.1 Chapter 1: Introduction Regarding this chapter, it introduce the background of this research such as why do people as a consumer buy a green product. Thus, this will create a strong preference among the gen-y consumers locally and abroad to consume and purchase green products. These sections will explain in details in the of consumers preferences from the Malaysian perspective and as well from the global view for green products. This chapter also recognized the problem statement and the research objectives for this research. Finally, the justification of the research will help to justify the benefits and those who will gain in this research. Chapter 2 : Literature Review A thorough study will be conducted on the dependent variable and independent variables. The main purpose for this chapter is to weigh the pros and cons of the topic and to discuss in details on the ideas and knowledge concerned. In this chapter, every definition of the dependent variable and independent variables will be cited from the journals in order to strengthen every point mentioned. Several of arguments and various points of views from different authors in order to provide a stronger formation of each point can be founded in this chapter. In addition to that, this chapter explains the relationships on several independent variables relate to the dependent variables. 1.6.2 Chapter 3 : Research Methodology Research methodology is usually conducted after the thorough study of literature review. In this chapter, theoretical framework will be form to illustrate the relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Hypotheses or a proposed explanation which were made on the basis of limited evidences will explain the relationships between two or more variables. All the hypotheses stated will be tested together with empirical data. This chapter also includes the description of the sampling data, data collections and as well as the development of the questionnaire for this research. Chapter 4 : Data Analysis After questionnaires are collected from all the respondents, then few tests will be conducted to test on the validity and reliability of the results. The responds of the questionnaires from the respondents are represented by a set of numbers that symbolize their own significant meanings. Whereas the tests that will be carry out are to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the end of this research. Chapter 5 : Conclusion This chapter will provide the final outcome of this research. Thus, the final results will be explained and we will be able to identify how the exact hypotheses that formed earlier are hold. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Environmental quality in Malaysia According to report from Department of Environment Malaysia, 2006, Malaysia experienced a short period of slight to moderate haze due to trans-boundary pollution from neighboring countries. Different states have the differed air quality status according to the geographical locations, the industrial and commercial activities, populated areas and the traffic conditions. During that period, especially in Klang Valley, one of the area in Malaysia was more exposed to be effects to air pollution than any other areas. Statistic shows that, the air quality there was good only 23% of the time, moderate 70% of the time and the remaining 7% at an unhealthy level. As a developing country, Malaysia faced in a numerous challenge to ensure a balance between environmental sustainability and development. River quality, urban air, deforestation, household and hazardous waste are some of the major serious and worrying environmental problems faced by the country According to The Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) report, Malaysian government allocated RM510 million for cleaning, preserving and beautifying rivers; RM530 million for coastal management; RM200 million for reforestation; and another RM70 million for the management of wildfire and protected areas to ensure environmental sustainability and resource management. In a global environment article stated that, Solid waste is one of the three major environmental problems in Malaysia. It plays a significant role in the ability of Nature to sustain life within its capacity. Currently, over 23,000 tonnes of waste is produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020. The amount of waste generated will continues to increase. It is because due to the increasing population and development in this country. It will be assume that, it will be only less than 5% of the waste is being recycled. Rivers represent the lease of life which pulses through the earth. It is a finite and only source of water. In Malaysia, there are almost 1800 rivers. Sadly, more than half of these rivers have been polluted and destroyed. Improper solid waste management contributes greatly to river pollution. Improper solid waste management also contributes to climate change decomposing waste produces methane and production of new products to meet demand emits greenhouse gases and utilizes natural resources. Therefore, a change towards more sustainable consumption patterns is required. 2.1.1 Concern of environment There are many reasons and factors that affect consumer especially Gen-Y to buy a green product. According to  Mostafa (2007), green purchase behavior or environmental friendly buying behavior is the ingesting of products that are beneficial to the environment, recyclable or conservable, Sensitive and responsive to ecological concerns. Concern for the environment is perceived to be important in encouraging consumer to participate in green program and also buying a green product. Research finding suggest that, moral concerns determine several curtailment behaviors (Goldstein et al., 2008; Hage et al., 2009). However, studies on the influence of moral concerns on consumer high involvement buying decisions with environmental implications are rare (Thà ¸gersen, 2005). This is a problem since overlooking an influential determinant might hinder or delay successful diffusion of environmentally friendlier products and innovations. Consumer identify environmental protection as a priority f or governmental policies and this interest has led to an increase in ethical production-for both consumer and non-consumer products (  Finisterra do Paà §o  et al., 2009). Sensitivity to environmental issues shifts consumer behavior towards supporting the growth and diffusion of green marketing and ecologically-conscious consumer behavior including: consumer preference for greener firms, increase in demand for greener products. (Alsmadi, 2008; Finisterra do Pacao et al.,2009) found that greater awareness of environmental problems, increased media coverage, impact of major industrial disasters on public opinion, and the rise of pressure group activities are among the factors driving environmental concerns. 2.2 Green marketing Grant, John.(2008)define the green as a brand that that offers a significant eco-advantage over the incumbents and which hence appeals to those who are willing to making green a high priority. Soonthonsmai (2008) defined a green marketing as the activities that have been action by firms that are really concern about the environment by convey the environmentally sound goods or services to build and create consumers satisfaction. Other definitions of green marketing as suggested by marketing scholars are include social marketing, ecological marketing or environmental marketing. Harrison (2008) suggest that green marketing strategy by firms through positioning the environmental benefits of green products to consumers perception to influence their purchasing decision. Peatitie (2007) and Welford (2000) defined green marketing as the management process responsible for identifying and satisfying the requirements of customers and society in a profitable and sustainable way. In reality, comp anies that are going to pursue green marketing encounter various challenges mainly from the variability of demand, un-favorable consumer perception and high cost (Gurau and Ranchhod, 2008). The most key concern lies in an understanding of green consumers and their characteristics and it will help firm to enable and to develop a new target and segmentation strategies (DSouza et al., 2008). Dwyer (2009) defined green as the products to be designed, commercialized, and used which are capable of reducing sources of pollution and minimizing risks to human health and the environment. On the other hand, there are product sector speci ¬Ã‚ c examples of research on green buying process, such as food and household products (Vantomme et al., 2005) and clothes (Shaw et al., 2006) 2.2.1 Consumer preference on green product The dependent variable in this study is the factor that affecting consumer preferences for green products. Everyone in this Earth, play a major role as a consumer. Consumers are the main factors that boost a countrys economy. Each and every consumer has their very own perspective and preferences towards what they consume. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions while to purchase products. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict. DSouza  et al.  (2006a)  found out in their research that consumers perception on green products did not influence by any criteria such as packaging, label and ingredient of a product. The important finding from  DSouza  et al.  (2006)  was that green consumers will be rely more on their personal experience in using the green product rather than assess a green product base on marketers provided information. Interestingly, this finding however contradicts to Taghian and Lambs finding. They found that consumers are getting more environmental information by look at a product labels before deciding to purchase it. It is mean that, labels are important to capture consumer impression to buy a green product. Rashid (2009)  in his study stated that eco label is an important factor that would enable consumers to make the right purchase choice if they faced with a situation that required them to taking their consideration of the environmental impact on a product that they wish to purchase. The importance of consumers has lead to many researches to be conducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products. Barr and Gilg (2006) was found that green purchasing behavior was the least popular activity alongside activities such as recycling and habitual household activities. However, not surprisingly, green consumers do consider environmental factors when purchasing products, but engaged more frequently in activities such as switching off lights and recycling paper (daily activities). Wheale and Hinton (2007) suggested that amongst the population of green consumers there is a hierarchy of importance of ethical drivers in the purchase decision-making process. The environment and the quality of the product was rated as the most important ethical driver during purchasing decisions. The finding from  DSouza  et al.  (2006)  was if product is lower in quality, consumers would not have interested to purchase the products eve n though they were always reading labels outside the product. Furthermore, if ordinary product is more expensive compared to a green product, consumers might have intention to buy green products because of the benefit and the cost. Therefore,  DSouza  et al.  (2006)  concluded from their study that consumers were not compromised to lower product quality. 2.3 Knowledge and attitude towards environment and green product Knowledge and attitude towards environment are very important to influcence consumer especially Gen-Y To purchase green products. There is a general belief among the researchers and also the environmental activists that by purchasing environmentally friendly products or green products, products with a recyclable packaging or properly disposing of non-biodegradable garbage, consumers indirectly can contribute significantly in order to enhance the quality of the environment (Abdul-Muhmim, 2007). The quality of the environment depends critically on the level of knowledge, attitudes, values and practices of consumers (Mansaray and Abijoye, 2005). Attitudes are the most consistent clarifying factor in predicting consumers willingness to pay for green products (Chyong et al., 2006). This means, price is not the main cause in avert consumers from purchasing green products if they are pro-environment. Researcher also found that Influencing consumer behaviour is a complex and difficult task r equiring knowledge of its determinants. The most convincing support of the growing influence of the ecologically-friendly consumer is the increase in the number of individuals that are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products (Bang et al., 2005). 2.4 Social norm and value perception influence consumer to buy green product. Studies have also investigated the effect social influence has affect consumer especially Gen-Y purchase green product.The interest in green initiatives is not expected to emanate only from external impositions and inducements but also from the internal sense of responsibility of a firm towards the society in which it exists. For green issues, such sensitivity is intensified by increasing environmental problems such as global warming and pollution. Such problems may also raise awareness and interest of a firm to behave in a more socially responsible manner and reflect an image of due diligence and commitment to sustainability. Green purchasing is primarily motivated by a certain degree of consumer ecological consciousness. Frey and Stutzer (2006) identify a number reasons behind environmental motivation: intrinsic motivations, altruism, internalized norms and social norms. Social norms lead individuals to take into consideration the opinions of the other members of society when choosing a green product over another: if they think that their acquaintances approve of green product purchase and disapprove of standard product purchase, there are encouraged to buy green products. (Ewing, 2005) stated that social norms are an important motivator of ecologically responsible behaviour. The strength of the normative influence of the consumers family and social groups on purchasing decisions depends on the characteristics of the product (e.g. luxury rather than a necessity). Value perception is the conception one has of oneself. Study in marketing influence on consumer purchase decision on green product, value perception was influencing green behaviours. This agrees to Lee(2008) finding value perception as the third predictor of her study. Apart from behavioral aspects, numerous studies have also looked at the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic variables and purchase green product involvement. Kinnear, T. and Taylor, J. (1973) stated that there has been no signi ¬Ã‚ cant link found between demographic segmentation and green purchase. This could be due to the notion that different groups of people relate to different parts of the environmental agenda Peattie, K. (1995). There have been contradictory results of younger and older age groups concerns about environmental issues Peattie, K. (1995). There is, however, a belief that environmental concern is directly related to a consumers level of education Balderjahn, I. (1988). Based on four surveys, Hines et al. found no relationship with gender. Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Overview Methodology is a system of methods used in a particular research. Research methodology normally comes after defining the problems and completing the thorough of the literature review. Research methodology which has been implemented to collect, investigate and as well as interpreting data obtained for the testing of the hypothesis will be discussed. Theoretical framework will be formed in this chapter in order to illustrate the relationships in between the dependent variable and independent variables. Besides that, hypotheses were developed and will be discussed together with the explanations in conjunction with the dependent variable and the independent variables. On top of that, plans of the sampling method, data collection methods and as well as the development of the questionnaires are included in this chapter. Finally, the data analysis and the hypotheses testing will carry out to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the en d of this research. 3.2 Theoretical Framework Figure 3.1 below illustrates a theoretical framework that shows the relationships in between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Knowledge Country Factors affecting Gen-y consumer in Malaysia buying a green product Attitude Social Norm Value Perception 3.3 Explanation of Framework The preferences of consumers for green products are subjective. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions while to purchase products. Whether they have a greater of favor to green products or to ordinary products are just hard to predict. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict. The importances of consumers have lead to many researches to be conducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products. The knowledge, which is one of the factors that might cause preferences for consumers to make purchases for green products. The first thing that came across consumers mind is the brands and firms that produce a green product. Thus, the brand image of the company has help by providing hints to the consumers in summarizing the information from that certain product. According to Grunert (1993), knowledge of the benefits of a green products use on the environment may have an impact on whether or not that product is purchased and used. Besides that, consumers also prefer to purchase a green product with a lower cost. The attitude is another most influential factor in consumer preferences for green products. Consumers normally are not really aware about our environment is

Drama Films

Drama Films are serious presentations or stories with settings or life situations that portray realistic characters in conflict with either themselves, others, or forces of nature. A dramatic film shows us human beings at their best, their worst, and everything in-between. Each of the types of subject-matter themes have various kinds of dramatic plots. Dramatic films are probably the largest film genre because they include a broad spectrum of films. See also crime films, melodramas, epics (historical dramas), biopics (biographical), or romantic genres – just some of the other genres that have developed from the dramatic genre. Dramatic themes often include current issues, societal ills, and problems, concerns or injustices, such as racial prejudice, religious intolerance (such as anti-Semitism), drug addiction, poverty, political unrest, the corruption of power, alcoholism, class divisions, sexual inequality, mental illness, corrupt societal institutions, violence toward women or other explosive issues of the times. These films have successfully drawn attention to the issues by taking advantage of the topical interest of the subject. Although dramatic films have often dealt frankly and realistically with social problems, the tendency has been for Hollywood, especially during earlier times of censorship, to exonerate society and institutions and to blame problems on an individual, who more often than not, would be punished for his/her transgressions. Social Problem Dramas: Social dramas or â€Å"message films† expressed powerful lessons, such as the harsh conditions of Southern prison systems in Hell's Highway (1932) and I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang (1932), the plight of wandering groups of young boys on freight cars during the Depression in William Wellman's Wild Boys of the Road (1933), or the lawlessness of mob rule in Fritz Lang's Fury (1936), or the resourcefulness of lifer prisoner and bird expert Robert Stroud (Burt Lancaster) in John Frankenheimer's Birdman of Alcatraz (1961), or the tale of a framed, unjustly imprisoned journalist (James Cagney) in Each Dawn I Die (1939). In Yield to the Night (1956), Diana Dors relived her life and crime as she awaited her execution. A tough, uncompromising look at New York waterfront corruption was found in the classic American film, director Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954) with Marlon Brando as a longshoreman who testified to the Waterfront Crimes Commission. The film rew criticism with the accusation that it appeared to justify Kazan's informant role before the HUAC. Problems of the poor and dispossessed have often been the themes of the great films, including The Good Earth (1937) with Chinese peasants facing famine, storms, and locusts, and John Ford's The Grapes of Wrath (1940) about an indomitable, Depression-Era Okie family – the Joads – who survived a tragic journey from Oklahoma to California. Martin Scorsese's disturbing and violent Taxi Driver (1976) told of the despairing life of a lone New York taxi cab driver amidst nighttime urban sprawl. Issues and conflicts within a suburban family were showcased in director Sam Mendes' Best Picture-winning American Beauty (1999), as were problems with addiction in Steven Soderbergh's Traffic (2000). Films About Mental Illness: Two films from different eras that dealt with the problems of the mentally ill and conditions in mental institutions were Anatole Litvak's The Snake Pit (1948) with tormented Olivia de Havilland's assistance from a psychiatrist, and Milos Forman's adaptation of Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) with Jack Nicholson as a rebellious institutional patient who feigned insanity but ultimately was squashed by Nurse Ratched and the repressive system. Bette Davis played a neurotic and domineering woman in John Huston's In This Our Life (1942). Sam Wood's Kings Row (1942) examined the various fears and phobias in a small-town. Repressed and prohibited from consummating her love with Warren Beatty, Natalie Wood exhibited signs of insanity in Elia Kazan's Splendor in the Grass (1961). Another teenager (Kathleen Quinlan) felt suicidal tendencies due to schizophrenia in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977). And 1930s-40s actress Frances Farmer (Jessica Lange) tragically declined due to a mental breakdown and subsequent lobotomy in Frances (1982). The repressed emotions and tragic crises in a seemingly perfect family were documented in Robert Redford's directorial debut Best Picture and Best Director-winning Ordinary People (1980). Films About Alcoholism: A hard look was taken at alcoholism with Ray Milland as a depressed writer in Billy Wilder's The Lost Weekend (1945) and Jack Lemmon (and Lee Remick) in Blake Edwards' Days of Wine and Roses (1962). An aging alcoholic singer (Bing Crosby) desperate for a comeback was the theme of The Country Girl (1954) – the film that provided Grace Kelly with a Best Actress Oscar. Susan Hayward acted the decline into alcoholism of 1930s star Lillian Roth in Daniel Mann's biopic I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955). More recently, Mickey Rourke and Faye Dunaway played the parts of two fellow alcoholics in Barbet Schroeder's Barfly (1987). Films about Disaffected Youth and Generational Conflict: Juvenile delinquency, young punks and gangs, and youth rebellion were the subject matter of Dead End (1937), Laslo Benedek's The Wild One (1953) with biker Marlon Brando disrupting a small town, Richard Brooks' The Blackboard Jungle (1955) with Glenn Ford as an idealistic teacher in a slum area school, and Nicholas Ray's Rebel Without a Cause (1955) with James Dean as an iconic disaffected youth. Race Relations and Civil Rights Dramas: Films that were concerned with race relations included Hollywood's first major indictment of racism in producer Stanley Kramer's and director Mark Robson's Home of the Brave (1949), the story of a black WWII soldier facing bigoted insults from his squad. Then, there was John Sturges' Bad Day At Black Rock (1955) about small-town Japanese-American prejudice uncovered by a one-armed Spencer Tracy, Stanley Kramer's The Defiant Ones (1958) with Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier as bound-together escaping convicts – and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) about an inter-racial couple (Sidney Poitier as WHO doctor John Prentiss and Katharine Houghton as SF socialite Joanna Drayton) planning on marrying who needed parental approval from Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy (in their ninth and last film together). Also, In the Heat of the Night (1967) featured a bigoted sheriff and a black homicide detective working together to solve a murder, and Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing (1989) – about racial tensions and eventual violence during a hot Brooklyn summer. Strong indictments toward anti-Semitism were made in Elia Kazan's Gentleman's Agreement (1947) with writer Gregory Peck posing as a Jew, and Crossfire (1947) about the mysterious murder of a Jew. The Japanese film classic from Akira Kurosawa titled Rashomon (1951) examined a violent ambush, murder and rape in 12th century Japan from four different perspectives. Courtroom Dramas: See also AFI's 10 Top 10 – The Top 10 Courtroom Drama Films Courtroom legal dramas, which include dramatic tension in the courtroom setting, maneuverings between trial opponents (lawyers, prosecutors, and clients), surprise witnesses, and the psychological breakdown of key participants, were exemplified in films such as the following: * William Dieterle's film noir The Accused (1948), with Robert Cummings defending college professor Loretta Young's self-defense murder * 12 Angry Men (1957) with Henry Fonda and eleven other jurists in a tense deliberation room * Billy Wilder's intriguing and plot-twisting Witness for the Prosecution (1957) based on an Agatha Christie play * Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder (1959) with James Stewart as a defense lawyer for accused murderer Ben Gazzara * Compulsion (1959) the Navy court-martial trial based on the Herman Wouk play of the same name in The Caine Mutiny (1954) – a film with a memorable performance of Humphrey Bogart as Captain Queeg * the historic Scopes Trial battle in Inherit the Wind (1960) pitting Spencer Tracy against Fredric March in a case brought against a schoolteacher for teaching Darwinism * the social drama regarding the Nazi war crimes trials in Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) with Burt Lancaster as a Nazi judge defended by Nazi defense attorney Maximilian Schell in a 1948 court ruled by Chief Allied Judge Spencer Tracy * the defense case of a black accused of rape in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), adapted from the Pulitzer-Prize winning novel by Harper Lee about civil rights In addition, director Robert Benton's Best Picture-winning Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) focused on the subject of a nurturing father (Dustin Hoffman) trying to win a child custody case with divorced Meryl Streep. An Australian film, Breaker Morant (1980) was another tense courtroom drama – the true story of soldiers in the Boer War who were used as scapegoats by the British Army. The award-winning drama, Sidney Lumet's The Verdict (1982) featured Paul Newman as an alcoholic, has-been Boston lawyer fighting a case of medical malpractice against James Mason. Glenn Close defended lover/client Jeff Bridges in Richard Marquand's who-dun-it Jagged Edge (1985). Assistant DA Kelly McGillis defended the bar-room gang-raped Jodie Foster (an Oscar-winning role) in The Accused (1988). A Soldier's Story (1984) examined racial hatred in a 1940s Southern military post in a dramatic courtroom murder/mystery. And A Few Good Men (1992) portrayed the courtroom conflict (known for its catchphrase: â€Å"You can't handle the truth! â€Å") between established Marine Colonel Jessup (Jack Nicholson) and two young Naval attorneys (Tom Cruise and Demi Moore) regarding the circumstances surrounding the hazing (â€Å"Code Red†) death (by asphyxiation due to acute lactic acidosis) of Private Santiago – a Marine stationed at Guantanamo Naval Air Station in Cuba. Jonathan Demme's AIDS drama, Philadelphia (1993) examined discrimination against AIDS and the legal defense of an AIDS sufferer (Tom Hanks) who was fired. Political Dramas: Political dramas include Frank Capra's two political tales – State of the Union (1948) with Tracy/Hepburn, and his classic story of a naive Senator's fight against political corruption in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). Conversely, the award-winning, potent story of a corrupt politician was dramatized in Robert Rossen's All the King's Men (1949) with Broderick Crawford as the rising politician. Alexander Knox starred as President Woodrow Wilson in Henry King's epic, big budget bio Wilson (1944). In Otto Preminger's Advise and Consent (1962), stars Charles Laughton (in his last film), Franchot Tone, and Lew Ayres portrayed scheming Senators during Henry Fonda's crisis-threatened Presidency. The controversial The Manchurian Candidate (1962) questioned the Cold War brainwashing of a Korean War hero. Michael Ritchie's The Candidate (1972) examined the harsh reality of the campaign trail with political hopeful Robert Redford starring as an attorney running for the Senate. Oliver Stone's conspiracy-centered drama, JFK (1991), attempted to disprove the theory that President Kennedy's killer acted alone. Journalism, the Press and Media-Related Dramas: Dramatic films often center around the theme of journalism, the world of reporters and news. Often regarded as the best film ever made, Orson Welles' Citizen Kane (1941) was an insightful character study of a newspaper magnate. Alan J. Pakula's All the President's Men (1976) was a docu-drama of real-life journalists Bernstein and Woodward investigating the Watergate scandal. Sidney Lumet's Network (1976) with Peter Finch as a despairing newsman was a critical look at TV news, while Sydney Pollack's Absence of Malice (1981) told about an over-earnest journalist (Sally Field) and a wrongly-implicated defendant (Paul Newman). James L. Brooks' Broadcast News (1987) focused on the world of network news shows, editors, and reporters. Elia Kazan's A Face in the Crowd (1957) showed how a down-home country boy (Andy Griffith in his film debut as Larry â€Å"Lonesome† Rhodes) could be transformed into a pop television show icon and political megalomaniac. Through the eyes of a cameraman, Haskell Wexler's docu-drama Medium Cool (1969) covered the corruption and events surrounding Chicago's 1968 Democratic Convention. In Peter Weir's The Year of Living Dangerously (1962), Mel Gibson played the role of an Australian journalist working during the time of President Sukarno's coup in mid-60s Indonesia. And in Oliver Stone's Salvador (1982), James Woods played the role of a photographer in war-torn El Salvador. WWII Homefront Dramas: Dramatic films which have portrayed the â€Å"homefront† during times of war, and the subsequent problems of peacetime adjustment include William Wyler's Mrs. Miniver (1942) about a separated middle-class family couple (Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon) during the Blitz, Clarence Brown's The Human Comedy (1943) with telegram delivery boy Mickey Rooney bringing news from the front to small-town GI families back home, John Cromwell's Since You Went Away (1944) with head of family Claudette Colbert during her husband's absence, and another William Wyler poignant classic The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) with couples awkwardly brought back together forever changed after the war: Dana Andrews and Virginia Mayo, Fredric March and Myrna Loy, and Harold Russell and Cathy O'Donnell. History-Related Dramas: Films that have dramatized portions of the American past include W. S.  Van Dyke's San Francisco (1936) on the eve of the 1906 quake, John Ford's Drums Along the Mohawk (1939) with Claudette Colbert and Henry Fonda facing marauding Indian attacks at the time of American independence, Howard Hawks' Sergeant York (1941) with Gary Cooper as the gentle hick-hero of the WWI trenches, the gothic drama of a turn of the century family in Orson Welles' The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), and of course Gone With The Wind (1939) during the Civil War and Reconstruction Eras. Exquisite, nostalgic family dramas include John Ford's How Green Was My Valley (1941) – a flashback of Roddy McDowall's childhood in a Welsh mining village, and George Stevens' tribute to a Norwegian immigrant mother (Irene Dunne) raising her family in San Francisco in I Remember Mama (1948). Sp orts Dramas: Dramatic sports films or biographies have created memorable portraits of all-American sports heroes, individual athletes, or teams who are faced with tough odds in a championship match, race or large-scale sporting event, soul-searching or physical/psychological injuries, or romantic sub-plot distractions. Fictional sports films normally present a single sport (the most common being baseball, football, basketball, and boxing), and include the training and rise (and/or fall) of the underdog or champion in the world of sports. Typical sports films (with biographical elements) include the sentimental biography of the Notre Dame football coach, Lloyd Bacon's Knute Rockne: All-American (1940). One of the best films ever made about pro-football was Ted Kotcheff's North Dallas Forty (1979) which examined the brutal fact of labor abuses and drug use in professional football – loosely basing its story on the championship Dallas Cowboys team. The tearjerking made-for-TV sports film Brian's Song (1970) used professional football as the backdrop for its sad tale of the death of a Chicago Bears running back (James Caan). Burt Reynolds starred in The Longest Yard (1974) as scandalized ex-professional football quarterback Paul Crewe in prison who must organize a team of convicts to challenge a prison-guard team (and then face the additional challenge of throwing the game). Recently, Cameron Crowe's sports romance-drama Jerry Maguire (1996), famous for the phrase â€Å"Show me the money! † starred Tom Cruise as a hard-driven major sports agent, and Academy Award-winning Cuba Gooding, Jr. as a football player. One of the best sports biopics was Sam Wood's The Pride of the Yankees (1942) with Gary Cooper in a fine performance as New York Yankees great Lou Gehrig. In The Jackie Robinson Story (1950), the famed black player who crossed the major-league ‘color-line' and joined the Brooklyn Dodgers portrayed himself. Director Barry Levinson's mythical and romanticized film about baseball titled The Natural (1984) featured Robert Redford as Roy Hobbes – a gifted baseball player who led his New York team to the World Series. Ron Shelton, who was an actual ex-minor leaguer, wrote and directed the intelligent comedy/drama Bull Durham (1988) which used as its backdrop minor league baseball to tell the story of a baseball groupie (Susan Sarandon), a veteran catcher (Kevin Costner) and a dim-witted pitcher named Nuke LaLoosh (Tim Robbins). The immensely popular fantasy/drama Field of Dreams (1989) concerned the creation of a ball diamond in the middle of an Iowa cornfield by a farmer (Kevin Costner). Writer/director John Sayles' Eight Men Out (1988) dramatized the infamous episode in professional baseball of the scandalous 1919 World Series that was fixed – with its final sepia-toned shots of banned ball-player â€Å"Shoeless† Joe Jackson (D. B. Sweeney) in the minors. And Tommy Lee Jones starred as the legendary baseball great Ty Cobb in Shelton's Cobb (1994). Basketball-related sports dramas are rare: three notable ones were Spike Lee's He Got Game (1998) with Denzel Washington as the convict father of a promising basketball athlete, David Anspaugh's Hoosiers (1986) about an underdog 50s basketball team (coached by Gene Hackman) that won the state championship, and Ron Shelton's play-filled, trash-talking court action film White Men Can't Jump (1992) with its two basketball hustlers/con-artists (Woody Harrelson and Wesley Snipes) and their scenes of two-on-two tournaments. Kevin Costner portrayed a talented pro golfer in Ron Shelton's romantic sports film Tin Cup (1996). And Paul Newman portrayed swaggering, upstart poolshark gambler Fast Eddie Felson in The Hustler (1961) in the world of professional pool, shooting against the great champ Minnesota Fats (Jackie Gleason). Downhill Racer (1969) starred Robert Redford as an American downhill skier training to become an Olympic superstar. The Best Picture winner Chariots of Fire (1981) told the parallel stories of two English runners (one a devout Protestant, the other Jewish) competing in the 1924 Paris Olympics. Autoracing in the Daytona 500 was featured in the action/drama Days of Thunder (1990). And one of the most memorable ice hockey films was Slap Shot (1977), with Paul Newman as inspiring player-coach Reg Dunlop of a minor-league team. Although a comedy, Caddyshack (1980) was about an elitist country club for golf, a mischievous green-destroying gopher, and a crazed groundskeeper (Bill Murray). Films about boxing are perhaps the most numerous sub-genre. One of the best boxing films ever made, along with Robert Wise's classic film noirish The Set-Up (1949) starring Robert Ryan as aging boxer Stoker Thompson, was the realistically stark Body and Soul (1947). It starred John Garfield as boxer Charlie Davis who ‘sold his soul' to unethical promoters but then had a change of heart in the last three rounds of a championship fight during which he was supposed to take a dive. Others included King Vidor's classic The Champ (1931), an award-winning story of a prizefighter and his young son, Champion (1949) with Kirk Douglas as the young fighter, the brutal boxing drama The Harder They Fall (1956) (Humphrey Bogart's underrated last film in which he portrayed Eddie Willis – an aging, crooked sportswriter), Ralph Nelson's Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962) with Anthony Quinn as punch-drunk, washed-up professional boxer Louis ‘Mountain' Rivera, Martin Ritt's The Great White Hope (1970) with James Earl Jones as black boxer Jack Jefferson, and Karyn Kusama's independent feminist film Girlfight (2000) with a great performance by Michelle Rodriguez as a struggling Brooklynite and teenage Latino boxer. One of the best films of the 80s decade, Raging Bull (1980) was Martin Scorsese's tough, visceral and uncompromising biopic film of the rise and fall of prizefighter Jake La Motta with a remarkable performance by actor Robert DeNiro. The stylized scenes in the ring included flying blood and sweat, exaggerated flashbulb camera flashes, slow-motion and violent punching sounds.

Ways Of Preventing Maternal Death Health And Social Care Essay

A maternal decease is â€Å" the decease of adult females while pregnant or within 42 yearss of expiration of gestation, irrespective of the continuance or site of the gestation, from any cause related to or aggravated by gestation or its direction, but non from inadvertent causes † . [ 1 ] Many people die from pregnancy-related causes and over 90 % of them occur in developing or under-developed states. Reducing maternal mortality by 75 % by 2015 has been one of the United Nations Millennium ends. [ 2 ] The causes of maternal decease vary from infection to gestational high blood pressure to complications of insecure or unhygienic abortions and many more. Many developing states lack equal wellness attention and household planning. Basic exigency obstetric intercessions, indispensable household planning methods, adequate wellness attention are far from the range of a pregnant adult female in a underdeveloped state. Forty-five per centum of postnatal deceases go on within the fir st twenty-four hours itself and little more than 60 % occur during the first hebdomad. Of the estimated 211 million gestations, 46 million consequences in induced abortions, more than 50 % of these abortions are insecure and do 68,000 deceases yearly. [ 3 ] The International Safe Motherhood Conference was held in Kenya in 1987. It brought to the attending of the universe communities of the annihilating effects of lifting maternal mortality rates in developing states and officially established the Safe Motherhood Initiative. The primary purpose was to diminish maternal mortality by 50 % by 2000, besides conveying to the attending of the planetary community the quandary of pregnant adult females. In the beginning patrons, United Nations ( UN ) bureaus and authoritiess of states focused on the improvement of prenatal attention, preparation of birth attenders, since these schemes failed, the universe reaffirmed its committedness in 2000 and stipulated a decrease in maternal mortality of 75 % by 2015. [ 2 ] Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio 5.1 Maternal mortality ratio 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled wellness forces The lending factors to maternal mortality in most developing states circulate around 3 holds. [ 4 ] The first hold would be that of the female parent, the household or the community who fail to acknowledge an at hand job or life -threatening status. [ 4 ] Many deceases occur within first 24 hour of postpartum. In most rural communities births occur at place with unskilled attenders who do non hold the accomplishment to find and forestall serious results and medical cognition to name and move on their complications. The 2nd hold would is the that in accessing a wellness attention installation. [ 4 ] It can be either due to hapless route conditions, deficiency of equal transit or even due to locations of these installations. The 3rd hold is the health- attention installation itself. [ 4 ] Resource -poor states with their fragile wellness attention systems and installations which do non hold much needed engineering or services necessary to supply critical attention. Due to inefficient i ntervention, and deficiency of accomplishment and supplies many adult females die each twelvemonth. CONCEPTS AND PROGRESS The highest Numberss of births per twelvemonth ( 27 million ) in the universe takes topographic point in India. [ 4 ] It has a maternal mortality of about 300-500 per 100,000 births and about 150000 maternal deceases take topographic point every twelvemonth in India, which is about 20 % of planetary maternal decease. [ 5,6 ] The calamity is these deceases are that they are mostly preventable. Therefore India ‘s proficiency in the decrease of maternal wellness is critical to the planetary accomplishment of Millennium Development Goal 5 ( MDG 5 ) . Based on grounds, intercessions for cut downing maternal mortality should strategically aim the chief causes of maternal decease. EMERGENCY OBESTERTIC CARE ( EMOC ) EMOC is one of the most cost effectual schemes implemented to cut down maternal deceases. [ 7 ] As it has been found that many maternal deceases occur due to obstetric exigencies that erupt all of a sudden at the oncoming of labour or instantly after. Availability of EMOC services in India is extremely lacking due to miss of focal point and limited direction capacity. EMOC was non successfully implemented and the authorities does non supervise how they function. The official attack is to advance institutional bringings and develop community wellness attention. It is doubted that this scheme will hold any consequence as bulk of bringings in India take topographic point at places in distant small towns. In 1992 India launched its first Child Survival and Safe Motherhood plan followed by Reproductive and Child wellness in 1997. [ 8 ] The former plan aimed at advancing medical aid at bringing, proviso of sterile bringing kits and beef uping referral units that deal with high hazard and o bstetric exigencies through Emergency obstetric attention ( EOC ) .The latter plan aimed at direction of unwanted gestations and one of their chief purposes was to supply quality integrated and sustainable primary wellness attention services to adult females of generative age group. [ 8 ] Recently The National Rural Health Mission was launched in 2005 that aimed to specifically make the households populating below the poorness line with much required wellness services. Besides, new reforms which aimed at developing small town wellness attention workers and advancing institutional bringings were to be patronized. [ 9 ] Under the NHRM a new strategy known as `janani express ‘ was launched in a province called Madhya Pradesh to supply nonstop free transit installations to pregnant adult females to wellness attention centres and infirmaries in rural parts thereby guaranting best possible attention when pre and post- bringing exigency conditions would originate both for the female parent and the baby involved. [ 10 ] ANTENATAL, INTRA NATAL AND POSTNATAL CARE The consensus among international organisations and India is that maternal quality attention is required throughout a adult females ‘s generative life. From planing inducements to increase results during from ante-partum period through intra-partum to postpartum period. Promoting maternal and child wellness has been an built-in of the Government of India. Safe maternity and Child wellness services were incorporated into the Reproductive and Child wellness plan ( Ministry of wellness and household public assistance 1997,1998b ) .The of import components of these plans include supplying prenatal attention, which includes at least 3 prenatal attention visits, Fe prophylaxis for pregnant and breastfeeding female parents, observing and handling anaemia in female parents, two doses of lockjaw toxoid vaccinum and direction and referral of bad gestations. Encouragement of institutional bringings or place bringings assisted by trained wellness forces was advocated. Supplying postpartum attention including three postpartum visits. Assorted intercessions such as attempts to turn to and handle postnatal bleeding and infections by supplying Pitocins and antibiotics in wellness attention installations have been implemented. Besides manual remotion of placenta, blood transfusion, hysterectomy processs, intervention of eclampsia with antiepileptics h ave been addressed. [ 11 ] Midwife In pre independent India, many efforts were made for bettering safe obstetrics accomplishments. From puting up an Advisory commission on Maternal mortality in India to constitutions of a `dai ‘s † ( obstetrics ) school in Amristar in 1980. However, the focal point on safe maternity and skilled aid shifted when India adopted new policies. In 1960, to supply indispensable maternal and kid wellness services, India created a model of two twelvemonth trained rural accoucheuse ( ANMs ) .Their appellation as â€Å" auxillairy † unluckily threatened their position and map as accoucheuses though they well fitted the definition of a skilled birth attender. Majority of the ANM ‘s lacked the needed cognition and accomplishments to supply maternal attention and support. Under intense authorities force per unit area, The INC ( Indian nursing council ) revised the ANM preparation class, and the function of ANM changed from a maternal wellness attention worker to household p lanning and immunisation ( 1966 ) .Abolishment of institution-based accoucheuses and replacing them with general nurse accoucheuses led to annulment of these preparation plans that were entirely set up for obstetrics. These general nurses were alternated between sections of the infirmary and are besides automatically registered as accoucheuses. Since most births in India are domiciliary bringings, the demand to supply skilled birth attending at community degree is high. [ 12 ] Besides, in certain countries such as the province of Tamil Nadu, hard currency inducements were provided in a strategy aiming adult females under poorness line known as the Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Scheme to assist adult females back up themselves during gestation period, childbearing and postal natal period through nutrition and equal conveyance. [ 13 ] HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND POLICIES IN INDIA Improved health-care system ensures decrease of maternal mortality, thereby bettering the general wellness of a state. Measuring and measuring the advancement a state makes poses a challenge. The authorities of India has been implementing assorted jobs to undertake these issues. In 1997, the Reproductive and Child wellness ( RCH ) plan was launched aimed at universalising immunisation, prenatal attention and skilled attending during bringing. Reduction maternal mortality was an of import end RCH-2 that was launched in 2005. Incentives were given to staff to promote round the clock OBs services at wellness attention installations. [ 11 ] The National Rural wellness mission ( NRHM ) which was formed in 2005 aimed at beef uping wellness attention systems in rural countries. Under NRHM, the Janani Suraksha Yojana ( JSY ) plan, the pregnancy benefit strategy, was introduced in 2005, hard currency aid was provided to adult females who deliver in wellness installations. [ 9 ] NGO ‘s s uch as SAHAYOG are working to advance maternal wellness through partnerships with other organisations to increase community adult females ‘s entree to maternal wellness services, besides to advance adult females generative rights. To carry through these aims the Maternal Health and Right plans uses human rights-based attacks through instance certification, runs research, monitoring, protagonism and policy shapers, and media. This plan seeks to understand worlds of maternal wellness. They work at province degree with the aid of Women ‘s Health Rights Forum ( Mahila Swasthya Adhikar Manch ) in raising consciousness of maternal wellness services of rural adult females, at the national degree in edifice alliances around interest holders i.e. adult females, wellness service suppliers and policy shapers for bettering maternal wellness and at the international degree by join forcesing among safe maternity and human rights organisations from around the universe. [ 14 ] Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, cosmopolitan entree to reproductive wellness 5.3 Contraceptive prevalence ratey 5.4 Adolescent birth rate 5.5 Antenatal attention coverage ( at least one visit and at least four visits ) 5.6 Unmet demand for household planning Over the decennaries there has been a significant addition in the demand for consciousness of generative wellness in India to control the of all time turning birth rate. In 1951, The Family Welfare Program was set up with an aim of cut downing birth rate and doing it consistent with the demand of national economic system. Besides to confirm the authorities committedness towards the citizens availing generative wellness attention services. Due to increase in fiscal investings of the authorities, assorted plans covering with immunisation, gestation, bringing and preventative and healing wellness has been provided. In order to cut down the birth rate, rubbers and unwritten preventives pills were provided free or sold at subsidised rates. Intrauterine devices such as CU-T were supplied free of cost to all the provinces. [ 15 ] A strategy known as the Sterilization beds strategy was introduced in 1964 in order to supply installations like tubectomy operations in wellness attention centres when instances such as these could non be admitted due to miss of beds. Besides No-Scalpel Vasectomy Project is being implemented to assist work forces follow male sterilisation and therefore implementing male engagement in the race to restrict of all time turning birth rates. [ 16 ] The Integrated Child Development Scheme ( 1975 ) provides supplement nutrition, wellness attention medical examinations before and after bringing and wellness and nutrition instruction to pregnant adult females and chest eating female parents. [ 17 ] Many strategies were introduced with purposes of puting wellness stations in slums countries and supplying referral services affecting distribution of preventives. The 90 ‘s witnessed a alteration in the quality of household planning services, use of contraceptive method etc. During the fifth five twelvemonth program, the Indian authorities designed schemes to advance and actuate household be aftering methods with the aid of an advertisement bureaus of India which was immense measure in a conservative society like India. At the start of the millenary, India aimed at cut downing the birthrate rate by presenting inducements such as providing preventives. India claims to be the first state in the universe to establish a countrywide plan by providing prophylactic devices to restrict the population growing. Many ends from bettering poorness, detaining matrimony, honoring Panchayats and Zilla Parshads for their function in universalising the little household norm, advancing literacy plans, accomplishing decrease birth rates were brought approximately. Besides hard currency inducements were provided to female parents who have their first kid after 19 year of age, honoring twosomes who come below the poorness line if they decide to get married after making legal nubile age of 21. Decision India has shown singular advancement in cut downing maternal mortality by presenting clever alterations within the bing model of organisational set-up, resources and restraints. Overshadowing political precedence and constitutional policies of province authoritiess to cut down maternal mortality has been a steering force. India is traveling easy towards accomplishing mark of MDG 5, but to accomplish them within the stipulated clip bound, it will necessitate to speed up gait of intercessions, despite stray illustrations of advancement, national and planetary attending to maternal and child wellness. REFRENCES [ 1 ] The International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death – 9th alteration ( ICD9 ) [ 2 ] World Health Organization ( WHO ) , authorsyThe World Health Report 2005: Make Every Mother and Child Count.yGeneva, Switzerland: WHO ; 2005. [ Accessed June 25, 2008 ] .http: //www.who.int/whr/2005/whr2005_en.pdf. [ 3 ] 1.yUnited Nations, authors.yUN Millennium Development Goals Web site.y [ Accessed June 25, 2008 ] .http: //www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ [ 4 ] 3.yMaternal United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) , authorsyMaternal Mortality Update 2002: A Focus on Emergency Obstetric Care.yNew York: UNFPA ; 2003. [ Accessed July 7, 2008 ] .http: //www.unfpa.org/upload/lib_pub_file/201_filename_mmupdate-2002.pdf. [ 5 ] Maternal mortality in India: 1997-2003. Tendencies, causes and hazard factors. New Delhi: Registrar General ; 2006. [ 6 ] National Family Health Survey ( NFHS-2 ) Key Findings. International Institute for Population Sciences ; 1998-99. p.12. . [ 7 ] Maine D. Safe maternity plans: options and issues. Columbia University ; 1993. [ 8 ] Ved RR, Dua AS. Review of adult females and kids ‘s wellness in India: focal point on safe maternity [ Background paper for â€Å" Burden of Disease in India † ] . National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health Publication, India ; 2005. [ 9 ] National Rural Health Mission model for Execution 2005 – 2010. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India ; 2005.yy [ 10 ] Janani Express Yojana: Madhya Pradesh, hypertext transfer protocol: //india.gov.in/citizen/health/viewscheme.php? schemeid=2055 [ 11 ] The National Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 1992.yy yy [ 12 ] y Mavalankar D, Vora K. Changing function of subsidiary nurse accoucheuse in India. [ 13 ] World Health Organization Regional Office for South East Asia, 2009. Safer Pregnancy in Tamil Nadu: From vision to Reality 2009 [ 14 ] SAHAYOG, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sahayogindia.org/ [ 15 ] Family Welfare Programme in India, hypertext transfer protocol: //mohfw.nic.in/dofw % 20website/family % 20welfare % 20programme/intro.htm [ 16 ] Family Welfare Programme in India, No-Scalpel Vasectomy plan, hypertext transfer protocol: //mohfw.nic.in/dofw % 20website/family % 20welfare % 20programme/nsv/intro.htm [ 17 ] Integrated Child development Services ( ICSD ) Scheme, hypertext transfer protocol: //wcd.nic.in/icds.htm